For Crimean Tatars, it came in four waves. In 1783, the Russian Empire carried out an illegal occupation of the sovereign Crimean Khanate (1441-1783). According to research by Raphael Lemkin, immediately after the illegal occupation, by direct order of Catherine II, 10,000 Crimean Tatars were drowned in the Black Sea. The dolus specialis was manifested through the deliberate infliction on the group of conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction, corresponding to Article 2(a, c) of the UN Genocide Convention.After the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917, Crimean Tatars restored their statehood by proclaiming the Crimean Tatar National Republic. However, as early as 1918, the RSFSR carried out a renewed occupation of Crimea, which began four separate waves of genocide, each with its own dolus specialis – the special intent to destroy the Crimean Tatar group as such..